{"id":7551,"date":"2025-06-10T20:25:47","date_gmt":"2025-06-10T20:25:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/?page_id=7551"},"modified":"2025-06-10T20:29:25","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T20:29:25","slug":"reading-womens-friendships-in-ann-marie-macdonalds-faynethe-interplay-of-human-and-machine-level-data-processing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/fr\/reading-womens-friendships-in-ann-marie-macdonalds-faynethe-interplay-of-human-and-machine-level-data-processing\/","title":{"rendered":"Reading Women\u2019s Friendships in Ann-Marie MacDonald\u2019s Fayne:The interplay of human- and machine-level data processing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1628\" height=\"852\" src=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.48.03\u202fPM.png\" alt=\"Network graph of terms and a sketch by MacDonald\" class=\"wp-image-7553\" style=\"width:750px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.48.03\u202fPM.png 1628w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.48.03\u202fPM-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.48.03\u202fPM-1024x536.png 1024w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.48.03\u202fPM-768x402.png 768w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.48.03\u202fPM-1536x804.png 1536w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.48.03\u202fPM-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1628px) 100vw, 1628px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Reading Women\u2019s Friendships in Ann-Marie MacDonald\u2019s Fayne: The interplay of human- and machine-level data processing In Part Six of Ann-Marie MacDonald\u2019s 2022 novel, Fayne, teen-aged protagonist Charlotte Bell \u2013 overwhelmed with the realization that they were born with intersex traits and have been lied to for years by family members \u2013 decides to make the trek, on foot,<br>alone, from Edinburgh to the family\u2019s estate, which is located on the border of Scotland and England. Charlotte \u2013 or as our research group refers to them, given their increasingly non-binary subjectivity, Charlie \u2013 calls themselves a \u201cmigratory bird,\u201d<br>guided home by the \u201cmemory\u201d of their mother who sank into a bog, not to mention a spirit version of the family\u2019s cow (MacDonald, 590-96). In a novel full of descriptions of travel and attempts to possess a home, Charlie\u2019s otherworldly walk is perhaps the most conspicuous example of an affective mapping. Scholars in the field of human<br>geography distinguish maps themselves from the operation of mapping, which is \u201cthe spatial practices enacted to solve relational problems\u201d (Kitchin &amp; Dodge, 335). Such problems might include navigating from one location to another or tracking all the<br>movements described in a literary text, and practices might be cognitive and tool-oriented, while also being sited in the contingent and relational needs and desires of the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>In her chapter on \u201cAffective Mapping\u201d in the Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Clancy Willmott provides an overview, not only of approaches to the \u201cmore-than-representational mapping of affect and sensation,\u201d but to \u201cthe emotional, felt, bodily and<br>haunting aspects of mapping practice\u201d (Willmott, 53). Notable in Willmott\u2019s overview \u2013and especially relevant to a novel like Fayne, and our work with it &#8211; is that affectivemapping emerges out of a feminist materialist approach to consider multiple \u201cways of knowing,\u201d often highlighting the philosophical, social, and political \u201cgovernance of emotions, bodies and space\u201d (53-54). Also significant for our discussion today is Willmott\u2019s closing note that &#8211; despite the centrality of the body in affect theory &#8211; \u201cit is<br>generally accepted that the hybridity between humans and machines are entirely capable of affective exchange . . . [and that] maps are constantly brought into being through the combination of the cartographic and the bodily\u201d (60).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The work presented today is associated with the <a href=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/en\">Mapping Ann-Marie MacDonald<\/a> (MAMM) project, homed in the Departments of Digital Humanities and English at Brock University. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As we noted last year, the first year of MAMM was taken up by developing a data collection model with several prerequisites:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1. That the parameters for collecting and assessing textual evidence be clearly defined.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2. That data collection could proceed asynchronously and yet collaboratively.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3. That the data collected be usable and adaptable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>4. That certain core principles of data feminism \u2013 namely, \u201celevate emotion and embodiment\u201d and \u201cmake labor visible\u201d (D\u2019Ignazio &amp; Klein 2020, 18) &#8211; be foregrounded in the design and use of data collection tools.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For the first phase of activity, MAMM collected data on locations, routes, sense of place, and relationality associated with two characters \u2013 Henry Froelich and Oskar Fried &#8211; featured in MacDonald\u2019s 2003 novel <em>The Way the Crow Flies, <\/em>and, along the way, developed <strong>a methodology and some low-skill tools to facilitate a consensus-based<\/strong> <strong>close reading<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These included: A pairing of drop-down menus in an Excel Workbook with a detailed Glossary, which affirmed the goal of a focused, integrated close reading among team members; A Logbook, which provides a transparent archive of the embodied labour of RAs and a space for them to articulate the context and effects of methodological choices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2024-2025, our data collection projects have focused, first, on two of MacDonald\u2019s dramatic works \u2013 <em>The Arab\u2019s Mouth <\/em>and <em>Belle Moral: A Natural History \u2013 <\/em>and second, on <em>Fayne<\/em>, for which we collected information on the spatial qualities of women\u2019s friendships. In today\u2019s presentation, we will discuss our work with data from <em>The Way<\/em> <em>the Crow Flies<\/em> and <em>Fayne<\/em>, as we consider <strong>the interplay of human-level and machine-level processing in relation to cognitive and affective mapping<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We will start by going over some of our conceptual framing, in particular our use of Sally Bushell\u2019s work on cognitive mapping and our continued interest in data and affect, influenced by Willmott, as well as D\u2019Ignazio and Klein. Next, we will describe our lab work and some of our findings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I want to note that this bit of exploration was inspired by a question from Susan Brown during a presentation about MAMM for folks at University of Guelph\u2019s Cultural and Technology Studies program. In looking at our lines of data, Susan queried the use of page numbers as anchor points, rightly noting that page numbers are barely interesting as quantitative, let alone qualitative information, especially when each line of data includes a quotation from the literary text. In the moment, I was able to speak to the use of page numbers for creating visualizations showing the structuring of spatial and literary features; however, the question: <strong>\u201cwhy not use the quotation as an ancho<\/strong>r <strong>point?\u201d<\/strong> led to this fascinating methodological side quest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-cc902013 gb-headline-text\">Cognitive Mapping<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.57.44\u202fPM-1024x450.png\" alt=\"Wolfgang Iser's Reading and Mapping Fiction\" class=\"wp-image-7554\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.57.44\u202fPM-1024x450.png 1024w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.57.44\u202fPM-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.57.44\u202fPM-768x338.png 768w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.57.44\u202fPM-1536x676.png 1536w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.57.44\u202fPM-18x8.png 18w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-3.57.44\u202fPM.png 1696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The phrase \u201canchor point\u201d allows us to bring in <strong>Sally Bushell\u2019s work, <em>Reading and<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>Mapping Fiction: Spatialising the Literary Text <\/em>(2020),<\/strong> especially her chapter on \u201cReading <em>as <\/em>Mapping, or, What Cannot be Visualised.\u201d There, she works through various cognitive mapping theories, including the spatial language of reader-response theory, medieval memory models, and neuropsychological research on navigation techniques. For the lab work we are reporting on, two ideas are relevant:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First: Wolfgang Iser\u2019s description of reading as a matter of:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cshifting perspectives\u201d (in the text and of the reader);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a negotiation of \u201ctheme\u201d and \u201chorizon\u201d (as the reader makes sense via the reading process of what they are learning and what they can expect as a narrative progresses); and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cwandering viewpoints\u201d (which is how Iser describes the complex work of readerly synthesis).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Second: The neuropsychological concept of <strong>\u201canchor-points\u201d<\/strong>. \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>As Bushell explains, researchers have explored the brain\u2019s capacity for different types of navigation (from random, to working with a map, to depending on cues or landmarks).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An \u201canchor-point\u201d is like a landmark \u2013 allowing one to orient oneself relationally \u2013 but is more subjectively known (the difference between \u201cGeorge Brown College\u201d and \u201cthe corner where I lost my wallet in 2006,\u201d or \u201cthe bog into which my mother sank\u201d). Importantly, in literature, though anchor-points are textual, they may be mapped differently by individual readers; that is, by the \u201cshifting perspective\u201d and \u201cwandering viewpoints\u201d Iser describes, which may be further linked to the idea of an affective readerly practice in cognitive mapping.\u2014Bushell\u2019s chapter is subtitled \u201cWhat Cannot be Visualised\u201d; however, the MAMM group turned to the text-reading and analysis tool <em>Voyant<\/em>, precisely for some of its visualization capacities and affective affordances.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As a text-mining tool, <em>Voyant<\/em> requires minimal training, which has been a key prerequisite for MAMM\u2019s interdisciplinary, usable, and adaptable approach to doing work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because our data collection process includes the recording of literary quotations, we decided to explore this set of quotations as a \u201c<strong>small text<\/strong>,\u201d especially in comparison to the \u201c<strong>big text<\/strong>,\u201d which is how we referred to an entire novel. The idea was to challenge what we noted to be a typical order of operations (as gleaned from watching \u201cHow to Use Voyant\u201d tutorials), in which a big text was uploaded for machine-level processing, after which the first results were processed by a human \u2013 for example, to get rid of \u201cnoise\u201d &#8211; so that a useful text mining and analysis might proceed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here, we are both methodologically but also conceptually interested in the idea of \u201cprocessing,\u201d especially as it intersects with \u201cvalidation.\u201d An outcome of our data collection ontology has been rethinking what might constitute the validation of results, whereby the guiding question <strong>is \u201cis this process internally valid to our methodology<\/strong> <strong>as we&#8217;ve defined it,\u201d or \u201cis this useful, especially for a literary analysis?\u201d<\/strong> We posit that even the typical order of operations for using <em>Voyant <\/em>involves validation during a first stage of human-level processing, as the search for and capacity to deal with \u201cnoise\u201d presupposes assumptions and aspirations for qualitative text-mining. In strategically manipulating the interplay of machine-level and human-level data processing, we elevate our exploration of matters of \u201cassumption\u201d or \u201caspiration\u201d; that is, of data and the \u201caffective exchange\u201d. In <em>Data Feminism<\/em>, D\u2019Ignazio and Klein challenge the principle that the visualization of data can be \u2013 or should be \u2013 neutral, asking \u201chow might activating emotion \u2013 leveraging, rather than resisting, emotion in data visualization \u2013 help us learn, remember, and communicate with data\u201d? (77).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In setting up our use of <em>Voyant<\/em>, one goal was to <strong>leverage the affective potential of<\/strong> <strong>comparing the machine-level processing the big text versus the small text<\/strong> (that is, the authorial unit of analysis versus a unit of analysis that has undergone a great deal of pointed human-level processing). In going over some of our analytical results, we will comment on the dominant aspect of our affective exchange, which was a complex, layered, <strong>recognition<\/strong>; both a <strong>witnessing<\/strong> and <strong>an affirmation of readerly investment<\/strong> <strong>and subjectivity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-1d85e6d8 gb-headline-text\"><strong>Case Study \u2013 Big Texts versus Small Texts<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"778\" src=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.08.12\u202fPM-1024x778.png\" alt=\"white board of brainstormed ideas relating to the big and small text\" class=\"wp-image-7555\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.08.12\u202fPM-1024x778.png 1024w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.08.12\u202fPM-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.08.12\u202fPM-768x584.png 768w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.08.12\u202fPM-16x12.png 16w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.08.12\u202fPM.png 1250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For our first investigation, we made use of <em>The Way the Crow Flies<\/em> as our big text, and \u2013 as our small text \u2013 the quotations gathered as part of our Froelich &amp; Fried data collection project. The focus for this first investigation was to gain familiarity with <em>Voyant<\/em>, choose a few visualization tools that seemed useful, and develop principles for creating a stopword list.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With respect to the corpus and visualization tools, we gravitated towards those that showed word <strong>frequency,<\/strong> <strong>trends,correlations<\/strong> or <strong>colocations<\/strong>, and <strong>sentiment<\/strong> <strong>analysis.<\/strong> After looking at the first results from Voyant based on the big text, we decided to create a stopword list including all the character names and pronouns. A key element of our data collection for both <em>The Way the Crow Flies <\/em>and <em>Fayne <\/em>is <strong>a focus on bodies in<\/strong> <strong>space and focalization<\/strong> \u2013 in other words, we had already done the work of using characters as readerly anchor points and wanted our exploration of <em>Voyant <\/em>to teach us something new.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To begin our work with <em>Fayne<\/em>, we developed our stopword list to copy and paste into <em>Voyant<\/em> when desired. We then uploaded to <em>Voyant <\/em>the big text and the small text <em>\u2013 <\/em>of about 250,000 and 10,000 words, respectively \u2013 into separate tabs to make some comparisons. Our small text represents only 4% of the authorial text, which shows the significant degree of consensus-based, human-level processing that went into developing this unit of analysis.Context on the parameters of developing our <em>Fayne<\/em> small text: <strong>our focus was<\/strong> <strong>exploring spatialization in the novel\u2019s representation of women\u2019s friendships<\/strong>, with data collected on three friendship pairings:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"353\" src=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.10.19\u202fPM-1024x353.png\" alt=\"image of women's frienships\" class=\"wp-image-7556\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.10.19\u202fPM-1024x353.png 1024w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.10.19\u202fPM-300x103.png 300w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.10.19\u202fPM-768x265.png 768w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.10.19\u202fPM-1536x530.png 1536w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.10.19\u202fPM-2048x706.png 2048w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.10.19\u202fPM-18x6.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Regarding trends in a big text\/small text comparison: Voyant divides every text into 10 segments, which may be helpful for the same reason that page numbers are in showing the plotting of a narrative. For our <em>Fayne <\/em>small text, the divisions are not as straightforwardly correlated to an authorial unit of analysis (as we collected data according to the parameters of this project); that said, this visualization \u2013 produced using Flourish tools &#8211; shows the consistent focus in the novel on women\u2019s friendships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"625\" src=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.11.24\u202fPM-1024x625.png\" alt=\"graph of paired frienships\n\" class=\"wp-image-7557\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.11.24\u202fPM-1024x625.png 1024w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.11.24\u202fPM-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.11.24\u202fPM-768x469.png 768w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.11.24\u202fPM-1536x938.png 1536w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.11.24\u202fPM-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.11.24\u202fPM.png 1582w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-30dffea8 gb-headline-text\"><br><strong>Nodes of Analysis<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-089eff75 gb-headline-text\">Node 1: De-centering the father.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In this first example, we look at a trend comparison of the terms \u201cHenry\u201d and \u201cFather\u201d in the big text versus the small text:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"303\" src=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.12.29\u202fPM-1024x303.png\" alt=\"representations of the father\" class=\"wp-image-7558\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.12.29\u202fPM-1024x303.png 1024w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.12.29\u202fPM-300x89.png 300w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.12.29\u202fPM-768x227.png 768w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.12.29\u202fPM-1536x455.png 1536w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.12.29\u202fPM-2048x607.png 2048w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.12.29\u202fPM-18x5.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This comparison was made prior to uploading the stopword list of names and pronouns. In the big text, Henry\u2019s activities as a husband and as a father diverge before coming together at the end of the narrative, while \u2013 in the small text \u2013 the correlations are somewhat less even, thus indicating <strong>a more complicated understanding of his role<\/strong> <strong>within women\u2019s friendships.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Also: after uploading the stopword list and comparing the frequency of certain words, one team member noted that \u2013 in the big text \u2013 the top word was \u201cFather,\u201d while in the small text, the first word linked to a male family member &#8211; \u201cbrother\u201d &#8211; was 31st on the list (or tied for 13th with repeat numbers; \u201cfather\u201d dropped to 135th on the list in the small text, with only 5 instances).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"391\" src=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.13.40\u202fPM-1024x391.png\" alt=\"voyant term list for rank of term father\n\" class=\"wp-image-7559\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.13.40\u202fPM-1024x391.png 1024w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.13.40\u202fPM-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.13.40\u202fPM-768x293.png 768w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.13.40\u202fPM-1536x587.png 1536w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.13.40\u202fPM-2048x782.png 2048w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.13.40\u202fPM-18x7.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-21e27fdc gb-headline-text\">Node 2: Spaces of Women\u2019s Friendship<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Looking again at frequency, a team member noticed that \u2013 in the big text \u2013 the term \u201chome\u201d is the 67th most frequently used term, while \u2013 in the small text \u2013 it is 12th (or tied for 55th versus 7th considering repeat rankings). This shift indicates <strong>a more pointed<\/strong> <strong>concern or acknowledgement that \u201chome\u201d is a significant type of space for<\/strong> <strong>women\u2019s friendships.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"833\" src=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.14.43\u202fPM-1024x833.png\" alt=\"voyant ranked terms for home\" class=\"wp-image-7560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.14.43\u202fPM-1024x833.png 1024w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.14.43\u202fPM-300x244.png 300w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.14.43\u202fPM-768x624.png 768w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.14.43\u202fPM-1536x1249.png 1536w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.14.43\u202fPM-2048x1665.png 2048w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.14.43\u202fPM-15x12.png 15w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another team member, using the TermsBerry tool, honed in on two named locations &#8211; \u201cFayne\u201d (the ancestral estate) and \u201cBoston\u201d (where Mae hails from) &#8211; noting that whereas the term \u201chouse\u201d is closely correlated with \u201cFayne\u201d, for \u201cBoston,\u201d the more correlated term is \u201chome,\u201d providing <strong>insight into Mae\u2019s persistent sense of<\/strong> <strong>displacement, notwithstanding her often cheerful-seeming letters to Taffy.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.15.41\u202fPM-1024x428.png\" alt=\"berry terms for fayne and boston\" class=\"wp-image-7561\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.15.41\u202fPM-1024x428.png 1024w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.15.41\u202fPM-300x125.png 300w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.15.41\u202fPM-768x321.png 768w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.15.41\u202fPM-1536x642.png 1536w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.15.41\u202fPM-18x8.png 18w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.15.41\u202fPM.png 1762w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-d1e9c5d7 gb-headline-text\">Node 3: Ways of Knowing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>After noting that, in the big text, the term \u201cFather\u201d was linked to \u201cknow,\u201d one team member compared links to the term \u201cknow\u201d in each text, and the differences were startling (and deeply moving, especially the reference to pregnancy, which team members recognized as related to Mae\u2019s reports to Taffy). This recognition was an especially striking <strong>example of affective exchange, as team members experienced<\/strong> <strong>an embodied, emotional shift in the very instant of seeing machine results.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"454\" src=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.16.36\u202fPM-1024x454.png\" alt=\"network graph for terms know and father\n\" class=\"wp-image-7562\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.16.36\u202fPM-1024x454.png 1024w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.16.36\u202fPM-300x133.png 300w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.16.36\u202fPM-768x340.png 768w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.16.36\u202fPM-1536x681.png 1536w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.16.36\u202fPM-18x8.png 18w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.16.36\u202fPM.png 1828w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-0906d28f gb-headline-text\">Node 4: Sentiment Recognition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Because of the increased focus in our use of <em>Voyant<\/em> on \u201caffective exchange,\u201d one team member explored <em>Voyant\u2019s <\/em>built-in capacity for sentiment analysis. The team member had <em>Voyant<\/em> produce the full list of terms deemed as having \u201cpositive connotations\u201d or \u201cnegative connotations\u201d in both texts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"724\" src=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.17.40\u202fPM-1024x724.png\" alt=\"most frequent term lists\" class=\"wp-image-7563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.17.40\u202fPM-1024x724.png 1024w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.17.40\u202fPM-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.17.40\u202fPM-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.17.40\u202fPM-1536x1086.png 1536w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.17.40\u202fPM-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-06-10-at-4.17.40\u202fPM.png 1946w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While there is a good deal of overlap of positive words between the two texts, the quality of negative words in the small text is distinct: there are more adjectives, <strong>suggesting a focus on the description of subjective experience and a context of<\/strong> intimate trust. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-3d0bfc9b gb-headline-text\"><strong>Affective Exchange and Conclusions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Going into our lab work with <em>Voyant<\/em>, our working hypothesis was <strong>that a comparison of<\/strong> <strong>the machine-level processing of the authorial text versus a small text, produced<\/strong> <strong>via MAMM\u2019s data collection methodology, would produce meaningful analytical<\/strong> <strong>results and usefully disrupt the typical order of operations for machine- and<\/strong> <strong>human-level processing in a text-mining.<\/strong> In validating that hypothesis, however, our most important discovery was the extent to which <strong>exploring <em>Voyant\u2019<\/em>s processing of<\/strong> <strong>the small text produced an affective response, characterized by a sense of<\/strong> <strong>intimate recognition and investment.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Or perhaps the better word is \u201ccare\u201d &#8211; quite synchronistically, in extant theorizing of affective exchange in the digital space, an important area of current research involves the nature of friendship, especially as defined against changing phenomenologies of time, space, and intimacy. However, whereas friendship studies tend to consider the digital space as one of mediation, an increasingly pressing concern is the multi-subjectival exchange among humans and machines, and how that exchange might also be defined by an ethics of care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-f4e746e1 gb-headline-text\">Works Cited<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bushell, S. (2020). <em>Reading and mapping fiction: spatialising the literary text<\/em>.<br>Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u2019Ignazio, C., &amp; Klein, L. F. (2020). <em>Data feminism<\/em>. The MIT Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kitchin, R., &amp; Dodge, M. (2007). \u201cRethinking maps.\u201d <em>Progress in Human<\/em> <em>Geography<\/em>, <em>31<\/em>(3), 331\u2013344. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0309132507077082\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0309132507077082<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MacDonald, A.-M. (2022). <em>Fayne<\/em>. Alfred A. Knopf Canada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8212; (2004). <em>The Way the Crow Flies<\/em>. Vintage Canada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sinclair, St\u00e9fan and Geoffrey Rockwell. <em>Voyant Tools<\/em>. Web. May 8-9, 2025, <a href=\"http:\/\/voyant-tools.org\/\">http:\/\/voyant-tools.org\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wilmott, C. (2020). \u201cAffective Mapping.\u201d <em>International Encyclopedia of Human Geography<\/em> (Second Edition), Editor(s): Audrey Kobayashi, Elsevier, 53-60. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-08-102295-5.10508-6\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-08-102295-5.10508-6<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Reading Women\u2019s Friendships in Ann-Marie MacDonald\u2019s Fayne: The interplay of human- and machine-level data processing In Part Six of Ann-Marie MacDonald\u2019s 2022 novel, Fayne, teen-aged protagonist Charlotte Bell \u2013 overwhelmed with the realization that they were born with intersex traits and have been lied to for years by family members \u2013 decides to make the &#8230; <a title=\"Reading Women\u2019s Friendships in Ann-Marie MacDonald\u2019s Fayne:The interplay of human- and machine-level data processing\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/fr\/reading-womens-friendships-in-ann-marie-macdonalds-faynethe-interplay-of-human-and-machine-level-data-processing\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Reading Women\u2019s Friendships in Ann-Marie MacDonald\u2019s Fayne:The interplay of human- and machine-level data processing\">En savoir plus<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-7551","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","5":"no-featured-image-padding"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Reading Women\u2019s Friendships in Ann-Marie MacDonald\u2019s Fayne:The interplay of human- and machine-level data processing - Mapping Ann-Marie MacDonald<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mamm.cfdh.ca\/fr\/reading-womens-friendships-in-ann-marie-macdonalds-faynethe-interplay-of-human-and-machine-level-data-processing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Reading Women\u2019s Friendships in Ann-Marie MacDonald\u2019s Fayne:The interplay of human- and machine-level data processing - Mapping Ann-Marie MacDonald\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Reading Women\u2019s Friendships in Ann-Marie MacDonald\u2019s Fayne: The interplay of human- and machine-level data processing In Part Six of Ann-Marie MacDonald\u2019s 2022 novel, Fayne, teen-aged protagonist Charlotte Bell \u2013 overwhelmed with the realization that they were born with intersex traits and have been lied to for years by family members \u2013 decides to make the ... 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